Dream Interpretation Essay - 1656 Words

Dreams have been around since time began. The reason why they occur, even today, is a mystery. Debates have surrounded about whether dreams are meaningless or important. Since early history, people have recounted their dreams believing they were secret codes or messages. (Young) In Truman Capote’s novel In Cold Blood Perry, one of the killers, dreamed that he was saved by a bird that took him to a new place described as â€Å"paradise.† (Capote 93) Though the dreams made Perry feel superior, the meaning of his dream is fascinating but still a mystery. Dream interpretation has brought insight and knowledge to what a person’s subconscious can uphold. Experts have sought to explain what dreams actually contain. Although dream interpretation is†¦show more content†¦For those who don’t understand how people pop up in dreams but they have never seen them before have actually seen them in a passing and their subconscious brings them out in dreams - anoth er fascinating thing to study about dreams. Dreams are unexplainable and that’s why some are willing to find out if what they dream about means something more than what it appears. Dreams can be used to strengthen memories, like in non-REM dreams, or store them for comparison of old experiences with new like in REM dreams. Some believe that both types of dreams are beneficial to a person’s life. REM dreaming draws more emotions with more aggression and unknown characters while non-REM dreams more likely involve friendly encounters with more known, familiar characters. With all this research some question whether research tarnish dreams but researchers’ fight back saying that â€Å"peering and prodding do not take away the magic.† (Young) There are others, however, who disagree that dreams are helpful for a person’s mindset. Matt Walker from the University of California, Berkeley found â€Å"sleep acting as an emotional homeostasis† to strengthen negative emotional memories during REM sleep. Along with Matt Walker, Jan Born from the University of Là ¼beck in Germany believe dreams don’t have meaning and there is not much of a connection to everyday life that most researchers claim. Born argues that dreamsShow MoreRelatedInterpretation Of Dreams In Kalpa Sutra833 Words   |  4 PagesInterpretation of Dreams in Kalpa Sutra: Comparative Analysis with Freud’s Psychology of Dreams ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The study attempts to analyze the psychology of dreams as given in ancient Jain text – Kalpa Sutra. Further this psychology and interpretation of dreams has been discussed in view of a renowned psychologist – Sigmund Freud how he understands of the psychology of dreams. The comparativeRead MoreSigmund Freud s The Interpretation Of Dreams Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Interpretation of Dreams, first published in 1899, takes into account dream interpretation and theories involving the human brain, why humans dream and what they could mean. By conducting ‘free associations’ and interpreting numerous case histories of patients’ and their dreams, he established such theories such as dreams as wish-fulfillments and regression. In his dream interpretation, Freud treated dreams as a distorted path to the unconscious and believed that the contents of a dream wereRead MoreDream Interpretation Informative Speech Essay1675 Words   |  7 PagesName: Hol ly McCallen SPCH 2010-103 Informative Speech Date: TITLE: Dream Interpretation Type of Informative Speech: Speech Design: Categorical I. Introduction A. Attention Material: â€Å"Dreams feel weird while we are in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something was actually strange (Inception, the movie).† Have you ever been curious about what your dreams actually mean? B. Credibility material: There have been many times in my life where I have eitherRead MoreDream Interpretation Speech Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: Dream Interpretation Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, the audience will be able to explore more about one’s dream and start to understand how their own dreams work. Central idea: The meaning of dream interpretation and how it really works? Introduction: First of all, have anyone here seen or experienced something that you might think is already happened somewhere before? I myself also experienced this kind of experience. If so, I hope that my speech can explain more and helpRead MoreFreuds Interpretation of Dreams1176 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscontents, dreams, psychoanalysis and the unconscious. For this paper, I will be discussing Freud’s fundamentals of dreams, what dreams represents, how dreams are constructed and its significance while paying close attention to the following areas of dreams, manifest and latent content, condensation and displacement, and censorship and repression. First, let examined the definition of dream according to Sigmund Freud â€Å"dream is the disguised fulfilment of a repressed wish. Dreams are constructedRead MoreEssay about Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams2249 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams Sigmund Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams was originally published in 1900. The era was one of prudish Victorians. It was also the age of the continued Enlightenment. The New Formula of science, along with the legacy of Comte’s Positivism, had a firm hold on the burgeoning discipline of psychology. Freud was groomed as both scientist and Romantic, but his life’s work reflected conflict of the two backgrounds and a reaction against each one. ItRead More Dreams and Their Interpretation Essay4235 Words   |  17 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious.† ― Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams My dream was grey and foggy. It started off at the beach with my 2 year old son and boyfriend. The beach was in a glass box. My son then had an identical twin and they were getting washed away by the water. I yelled for my boyfriend to help me but he refused to help. I finally was able to save my son and the twin from the waves. I Then take my son and walk out of the glass box. I no longer haveRead MoreThe Interpretation of Aboriginal Dreams 567 Words   |  2 Pagesindigenous models of dreams, these two ideologies are often binary. After learning about the concept of Dreaming in philosophical, psychological, and ethnographic terms through the course of 10 weeks I want to propose that Aboriginal Dreamings are not so distance from the basis of non-indigenous formation models of dreams. There is a large emphasis of the distinctions between Aboriginal Australians concept of the â€Å"Dream Time† or â€Å"Dreamings† and the (Western) formulation of Dreams. This connection hasRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1344 Words   |  6 PagesSome dream big, some dream small, and sadly some dream not at all The Interpretation of Dreams was published by Sigmund Freud in the year 1900 as a thought provoking compilation of ideas surrounding the cognitive processes of dreaming. Although this book has been translated and edited since its original publishing date, it reads as if to hold true to Freudian fashion; addressing levels of consciousness and their effects on how specific dreams are formed. Freud makes a clear and reverent effortRead MoreTheories of Dream Content in The Interpretation of Dreams by Freud1450 Words   |  6 Pagesreview is â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams†. This book was written to find out why do we actually dream and what does it mean in our psychological lives. In Freud’s view, dream is viewed as wish fulfilment. It is known as the satisfaction of a desire through an involuntary process. Therefore it can occur in dreams or daydreams in the symptoms or neurosis or hallucination of psychosis. It requires interpretation to recognize this satisfaction. I chose this book to explore whether our dreams do mean anything

Toys R Us Swot Analysis - 1512 Words

Chapter 4: SWOT Analysis Internal Weaknesses and Strengths Leading- A company’s head should be proficient in leadership, decision making, and communications skills. In addition, this leader should be able motivate his group and team members. David Brandon, CEO of Toys R Us joined the company in July 2015. He has many goals for the future of the company. While it is difficult to take on the many struggles of a company in distress, Brandon made up his mind that he could accomplish the impossible. One of the many challenges he faced was to inspire the workers to believe in his vision of what Toys R Us could be in the future. Others in the organization have been openminded to his message (Wilson, p. 6). He oversees almost 2 thousand stores†¦show more content†¦He is a member of the leadership program who oversees human resources tasks. The human resources functions that he oversees include: talent management, training, employee relations, and succession planning. His leadership style is task and people oriented. This type of re sults driven culture allows for the employee’s talent and careers to flourish (Toys R Us, Inc.). Grace’s leadership skills create benefits for the whole company by allowing employees to feel empowered while allowing them to grow with the company. Combining Brandon’s and Grace’s leadership skills allows for the employees and the company to have a bright future. Controlling- The control of a company includes having a solid human resources department in place that has systems and processes set up so the organization can run smoothly. Toys R Us is run by a functional organizational structure. This type of structure groups tasks by company functions. For example, a specific group within the organization is called the United States marketplace operations. Mark Johnson, one of the EVP of Toys R Us which handles the U.S. Marketplace Operations is responsible for giving an â€Å"exceptional shopping experience† to the company’s consumers across the country. He oversees the brick and mortar stores and operations. The company operations of the retail stores include: â€Å"store talent development programs, real estate portfolio and traffic-driving initiatives† (Toys R Us, Inc.). He is also on theShow MoreRelatedCases Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronic Commerce1479 Words   |  6 PagesCASES CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CASE 1: AMAZON.COM Required: 1. In 2004, Toys R Us sued Amazon.com for violating terms of the agreement between the companies (specifically, Toys R Us objected to Amazon.com’s permitting Amazon Marketplace retailers to sell toys) (Note: when the lawsuit was filed, Amazon Marketplace was called â€Å"zShops†). Amazon.com responded by filing a countersuit. After more than two years of litigation, a New Jersey Superior Court judge ruled that the agreementRead MoreToys R Us Inc. : Research Proposal1107 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate name, founding date, founding leaders. Toys R Us Inc., founding date was 1948 and the founding leader was Charles P Lazarus. The company, which was originated in Washington D.C. was named Children’s Bargain Town. Initial Products Toys â€Å"R† Us origins go back to the first store named Children’s Bargain Town. The first products which were sold were baby furniture and cribs. To keep its customers satisfied it introduced infant products and toys for children of an older age, they then added cradleRead MoreToys R Us Research Proposal And Introduction1146 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate name, founding date, founding leaders. Toys R Us Inc., founding date was 1948 and the founding leader was Charles P Lazarus. The company, which was originated in Washington D.C. was named Children’s Bargain Town. Initial Products Toys â€Å"R† Us origins goes back to the first store named Children’s Bargain Town. The first products which were sold were baby furniture and cribs. To keep their customers satisfied they introduced infant products and toys for children of an older age. They then addedRead MoreToys R Us Case Study777 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate name, founding date, founding leaders. Toys R Us Inc., founding date was 1948, founding leader was Charles P Lazarus. Toys R Us was founded in the forties by a man named Charles P. Lazarus. The company which was originated in Washington D.C. was named Children’s Bargain Town. The products which were sold at the time was different types of baby furniture. The company had evolved with the times and started to sell toys because these products became more desirable by consumers and childrenRead MoreBUS210 Assgn 1 Essay2094 Words   |  9 Pagescom 1: Toys R Us sales exceeded $300 Million by 2004 on the Amazon.com site. In about 200 words explain how Amazon, Toys R Us, and other toy sellers who participated in Amazons Marketplace retailer program benefited from the network effect as a result of the relationship between Amazon and Toys R Us. Toys R Us and other toy sellers who participated in Amazons Marketplace retailer program benefited from the network effect as a result of the relationship between Amazon and Toy R Us in manyRead More A Comprehensive Financial Analysis Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pages A Comprehensive Financial Analysis Of TOYS R US TABLE OF CONTENTS Company Overview ....................................................... 4 Key Facts........................................................................ 4 Business Description.................................................... 5 History ............................................................................ 6 Key Employees .............................................................. 7 Major Products AndRead MoreAn Organizational Profile Of Toys3316 Words   |  14 Pages An Organizational Profile of Toys ?R? Us Juadia M. Tabio University of Louisville Professor Bradley Carpenter, Ph.D. Leadership and Management ELFH 490-91 May 15, 2015 Running head: TOYS ?R? US 13 Introduction Imagine a place where kids rule the aisle, the parents smile at the joy in their children?s eye and a memory is forever etched as they walk out the store and the child begins to sing ?I Don?t Want to Grow Up, I?m A Toys ?R? Us Kid.? This magical place for children was establishedRead MoreAnalysis of Proposed Migration to Windows Service1771 Words   |  7 PagesWingtip Toys: The most fun on earth! P.O. Box 10101 Queens, New York 11692 M E M O R A N D U M Date: February 28, 2013 To: Network Administrator From: Junior Network Administrator Subject: Analysis of Proposed Migration to Windows Service 2008 In response to your request for an analysis of the viability of Wingtip Toys upgrade from its existing Windows Server 2003 to Windows Server 2008, the following information is provided: A SWOT analysis on the viability of the upgrade; A discussionRead MoreSwot: Strategic Management and David Jones Limited1137 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Jones Limited (DJS) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Phone: +44 20 8123 2220 Fax: +44 207 900 3970 office@marketpublishers.com http://marketpublishers.com Phone: +44 20 8123 2220 http://marketpublishers.com David Jones Limited (DJS) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Date: Pages: Price: ID: SUMMARY David Jones Limited (David Jones) is a department store retailer in Australia. The company carries out the operations of department stores. Its product portfolioRead MoreBusiness Studies : Marketing Plan1593 Words   |  7 Pages Damion de Boucherville Grade 10 P Business Studies Portfolio Assignment. Project: Business Plan â€Æ' Contents Executive summary 3 Description of business 3 The vision 3 The mission statement 3 Goals 3 Objectives 3 Form of ownership 4 SWOT analysis 4 Strengths 4 Weakness 4 Threats 4 Opportunities 4 Competitors and their products 4 Operations plan 5 Premises and location 5 Contractual implications of a leasing agreement 5 Marketing Plan 6 Promotional strategy 6 Financial requirements 6 Human resource

How Fats Can Provide Energy For Exercise - 769 Words

Fats can provide energy for exercise, especially when the intensity of the exercise is light and even moderate. All people need some fat for producing cell membranes, for their skin, hormones production, and transport of fat-soluble vitamins. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fats is between 20% and 35% of the total daily calories. Other organizations such as the American Heart Association or the National Cholesterol Education Program have recommended a lower fat percentage. They both recommend a limit of thirty percent or less for total fats. For Roger, a long distance runner who also does a fair amount of weight lifting, I would recommend a fat percentage on the lower side of the 20 to 35% range, simply to allow sufficient calories for carbohydrates (to fuel those long runs) and protein to build up his muscles as he weight trains. Since Roger needs to consume a higher quantity of calories to avoid an energy deficit and weight loss, he’ll still be consuming substantial fat calories. This will allow him to eat oily fish such as salmon, which has omega 3 fats, linked to reducing inflammation, which is important for an older athlete. Just as important as the total quantity of fat, it is essent ial to minimize the daily amount of saturated fats, especially hydrogenated / trans fats. For the above reasons, I recommend Roger consume only 20 to 25 percent of his daily calories from fat. When he is carbo loading before a race his twice per month longShow MoreRelatedThe Health Fitness Human Performance Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesadequate calories can contribute to a lack of vital macro and micro nutrients. Moreover, nutrition is a crucial element in any athlete’s training regime given the influences of food on a person’s physical mankind. Throughout history, certain foods have been regarded as essential in preparation for strenuous physical activity or exercise. As part of focus on nutrition, athletes need to consider various factors that contribute to nutrition in relation to physical activity and exercise. Some of theseRead MoreThe Importance Of A Balanced Diet And Regular Exercise1406 Words   |  6 Pagesa balanced diet and regular exercise is need ed to help keep the body healthy. Our bodies provide an excellent environment for many microbes which can make us ill once they are inside us. Our bodies need to stop most microbes getting in and deal with any microbes which do get in. Vaccination can be used to prevent infection. Nutrients A mixture of different types of food in the correct amounts is needed to maintain health. The main food groups are  carbohydrates,  fats  and  proteins. This table summarisesRead MoreMeasuring Energy Expenditure Using Cycle Ergometer1721 Words   |  7 PagesEXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY LAB-1 MEASURING ENERGY EXPENDITURE USING CYCLE ERGOMETER PARTH KUNTAR TY2 10/1/2015 INTRODUCTION Inactivity and sedentary lifestyle causes many health issues and put health at risk. Despite this fact, many people are inactive (The Journal of the American Medical Association 1995-02-01). It includes individual of all ages including male, female, child or elderly person. All need physical exercise to improve their health and make life active ((The Journal of the AmericanRead MoreEffects of a Hypoglycaemic Comapred to a Hyperglycaemic Diet895 Words   |  4 PagesA sub-maximal steady state exercise requires carbohydrates and fats to be oxidised in order to create sufficient ATP for the body to function and complete muscle contractions. The main energy sources being used throughout the test were the aerobic glycolytic and the aerobic lipolysis systems. To determine which energy system was predominately being used we can use RER. If RER is a value of .7 the energy system being predominantly used is the aerobic lipolysis system, where as a value closer to 1Read MoreEssay on L-Carnit ine: An Unnecessary Ergogenic Aid1589 Words   |  7 PagesL-Carnitine: An Unnecessary Ergogenic Aid WHAT IS L-CARNITINE? L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid which plays a vital role in the metabolism of fat. It functions as a transporter of fatty acids into the mitochondria, the metabolic furnace of the cell. L-carnitine was discovered in Russia, and one year later in Germany. The proper name, Carnitine, refers to the Latin origin, (carno, caris). Its structural formula was decoded in 1927, and its physiological significance wasRead MoreSports Nutrition And Exercise Physiology1638 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' ABSTRACT Sports nutrition combines the sciences of nutrition and exercise physiology. It is a specialization within the field of nutrition that partners closely with the study of human body and exercise science. With so much emphasis placed on sports nowadays, there has been a dramatic increase in the research and development of the perfect nutrition plan a sportsperson may need. It is a well- documented fact that nutrition is fundamental to the athletic performance of a professional athlete.Read MoreThe Effects Of Green Tea On Healthy And Lose Weight1067 Words   |  5 Pagescaffeine which known to aid in fat burning. It also contains antioxidants that help boost metabolism. The caffeine will help to boost energy as well as metabolism. With the energy absorbed from the tea a person will want to exercise which will burn even more fat than just drinking the tea alone.The substances in green tea help to break down fat that produce energy. The substance increases hormone levels that tells the f at cells to break down the fat. After that happens the fat is released into the bloodstreamRead More Comparing the Restricted and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet1019 Words   |  5 Pagescarbohydrate diets. These comparisons are found in various studies summarized into a comparison article written by Brian D. Butki, Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver called Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise Among Physically Active Participants. Throughout the studies compared in the article, subjects who participated as a restricted or low-carbohydrate dieter consumed meals with 20 grams of carbohydrates per day whereas subjects who participated asRead MoreSports Nutrition: The Study and Practice of Nutrition and Diet1211 Words   |  5 Pagescarbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is essential to maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet combined with athletic training to reach maximum performance potential. â€Å"Nutrient timing is a strategic approach to how much, what, and when you eat before, during and after training and competition to maximize training effects, reduce risk of injury, maintain healthy immune function, and help with recovery†(Skolnik 3). When you decide to eat in relation to when you decide to exercise is all part of the systemRead MoreTransform Your Body Now!1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe healthy foods to eat, the healthy amount of calories to take in, and the certain exercises that will target the fatter areas. Losing fat and exercising are the main parts to transforming the body. The process of fat loss will help maintain a long, healthy lifestyle. The change in a lifestyle is one of the main parts to the transformation of the body. This happens by completely changing eating habits, exercises, and even the way a person thinks. Becoming â€Å"fit† is not as easy as people on TV shows

Technology And World Civilization A Thousand Year History

Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History written by physicist and historian Arnold Pacey explains his unique â€Å"global view† of the evolution of technology differing from the common Eurocentric view of this topic dating back to Greek civilizations. The book is consisted of eleven chapters that chronologically depict the creative inventions in technology throughout several cultures across time in history, starting from the early days in 700 A.D. to the very recent historical events in the 1980’s. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History views the adaptation of technology from a different perspective by giving insight and excellent supporting criteria crediting the East with the innovative technology†¦show more content†¦For example, Indian textile technology had an immense influence on Britain during the Industrial Revolution, but there was not any specific ‘transfer of technology.’ Rather, the British simply und erstood that Indians could spin, weave, and dye yarn to make colorful fabrics. As a result, the British modified this idea and adopted weaving into their culture, giving them the same results and ultimately creating a responsive, innovative invention for their society. Without a doubt, Pacey’s creative take and supporting examples, emphasizing the transfer of knowledge in innovation rather than the transfer of technology, depict the idea’s immense benefits that shaped the crucial inventions in history across cultures. Moreover, another crucial historical benefit to societies from Arnold Pacey’s argument in Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History is the use of social interaction to create responsive inventions. The text defines responsive inventions as the result of interactions that lead to conversations resulting in incomplete information that fortunately sparks fresh ideas amongst individuals in the same or differing cultures. This phenomenon is accomplished through recipients of a new body of knowledge interrogating and then innovating the new ideas or technological inventions on the core basis of the individual’s own personal experiences and information regarding their localShow MoreRelatedWorld Civilization : A Thousand Year History Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesPacey published Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand Year History in the year 1991. Arnold Pacey was an associate lecturer at The Open University in Britain as well as an author to three additional books: Meaning in Technology, The Maze of Ingenuity, The Culture of Technology. He published all four of his books within a ten-year span. Arnold Pacey was trained as an engineer but is well known as a historian of technology because of the conclusions he drew of society and technology and their relationshipRead More The Lost City Atlantis1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction We have all heard about the legend of Atlantis. It’s said that Atlantis was an advanced civilization with highly developed economy and technology. But one day, catastrophe occurred in sudden. Atlantis entirely sank beneath the waves in only one day and one night. In thousands of years, Atlantis has caught the imagination of people from all over the world. Many adventurers, historians and anthropologists spent their whole life trying to open the mysterious veil of Atlantis. But hasRead MoreInvention Over Time : Technology1363 Words   |  6 PagesInvention over Time Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History is a book written by Arnold Pacey in 1990. Pacey is an associate lecturer at the Open University, Britain. He attempts to look globally at the development of technology soley in a world civilization. He focuses mainly on the dialogue between different countries, and the developments that happen. One of the major arguments of the book is the simultaneity of invention. Pacey’s thesis is extremely sound, and provides manyRead MoreSimilarities Between Civilizations And Civilizations958 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout history there have been similarities between civilizations, some of which were on separate parts of the world. Many scholars and historians have been baffled by the discoveries of these similarities due to the fact that these cultures were not only hundreds of miles apart but also were separated by hundreds of years. The ancient Egyptian civilization located in northern Africa around 3,100 B.C. is considere d to be one of the cradles of civilization and also a major contributor to theRead MoreContributions Of African And World Civilizations Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesContributions to African and World Civilizations The Carthage was one of first big empires of the Africa and continues to be the largest. The biggest contribution to world civilizations today is the military tactics taken away from the Carthage Army and Navy. Hannibal Barca was the greatest military Generals of the ancient world, he lead the Carthaginian Army. He took over at the age of 26. Some of the tactics that he used that were so successful and are used today are taking out and surroundingRead MoreNo Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond772 Words   |  4 Pagesyou white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people hat little cargo of our own?† For over thirty years, Diamond was investigating our inferred history for clues, to answer Yali’s question. He published a scientific opinion that explains how geography is to blame for the dispersal of power, as few societies and civilizations inhabiting in the Middle East had access to resources, such as the seeds of highly nutritio us crops alike wheat and barley, and useful livestockRead MoreThe Differences Between The Civilizations And River Valley Civilizations1710 Words   |  7 Pages1. The civilizations in river valleys both had communities that were forced to work together due to the lack of agricultural resources. They each had to focus on maintaining canals, dikes, weirs, and other structures related to the valleys. Floods were constantly a threat, and so each civilization had a different view on nature’s aspects. Mesopotamians tried their best to please the kings and queens of nature, while Egyptians trusted supernatural powers. The difference in religious thoughts led toRead MoreAncient Chinese Compass And Its Effects On Civilization1581 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Chinese Compass and its Effects on Civilization The Chinese culture is up to 5000 years old. Approximately 56 different ethnic groups live in China. Buddhism is by far the largest religion in China, significantly impacting their culture. Buddhism brought with it a whole new array of beliefs, such as a very detailed description of heaven and hell, the belief in reincarnation, and the idea of karma. Those three things made their way into the Chinese culture. A set of beliefs, called ConfucianismRead MoreThe Silk Road Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesof technology, goods, religions, and language throughout Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa and southern Europe. As the strongest link between major population centers in the largest landmass on earth, the Silk Road was one of the most important of all long-distance trade routes in human history. Study of the Silk Road has made it obvious that Eurasian history was more than isolated histories of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Europe, India, Southeast Asia, and China. In reality, for several thousand years, theRead MoreGenghis Khan And The Mongol Empire Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesother empires you have studied this semester? Under the rule of Genghis Khan and his successors during the 13th and 14th centuries (between the years 1206-1368), the Mongol Empire, with a military force of unparalleled strength, succeeded in unifying large regions in order to establish new economies and create the largest contiguous land empire in history. By having a democracy similarly present within the Roman Empire and adopting a structure comparable to the satraps of the Persian Empire, the Mongol

I Spy Free Essays

To compare these three short stories, â€Å"l Spy’ by Graham Greene, â€Å"The Mark on the Wall† by Virginia Woolf and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† by Kurt Vonnegut, we have to take into consideration aspects like plot, points of view, conflicts, theme and also, if occurs, symbolism. â€Å"l Spy’ takes place during the first World War. The main character is Charlie Stowe, 2 years old kid. We will write a custom essay sample on I Spy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The story shows the idea of fear coming from both Charlie and his father. Charlie is afraid that he will get caught when he leaves home in the middle of the night and hides in his father’s tobacconist’s shop. His father is afraid that he will be arrested for being a spy. The story is told by an third-person narrator. Author used central consciousness in narration, so he takes a reader inside a character’s ind to reveal perceptions, thoughts, and feelings on a conscious or unconscious level, suggesting the flow of thought as well as content. Complete sentences may give way to fragments as the character’s mind makes rapid associations free of conventional logic or transitions. The reader can feel what the character feels. â€Å"l Spy’, â€Å"The Mark on the Wall† and â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† – Comparison conventional logic or transitions. The reader can feel what the character feels. I Spy By chonio How to cite I Spy, Papers

Cessation Minimization Among Aboriginals †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cessation Minimization Among Aboriginals? Answer: Introduction Australian indigenous people and aboriginals suffer from shorter life expectancies and higher burden of ill health conditions when compared to other nations. They have been suffering from worsened and poor health status since the 1970-1980s. The difference in the health situation between indigenous and non-indigenous groups is attributed to historical, socio-political and distal factors. Just like any other nation, the non- indigenous Australian population enjoys a better life expectancy. According to several studies, aboriginals who live in remote areas are vulnerable to a higher risk of smoking and poor healthcare facilities (Abs.gov.au, 2017). Several studies that evaluate the ways by which aboriginal and indigenous smokers can be influenced and motivate to quit smoking have been conducted. Some studies have illustrated the different intervention strategies that should be followed to minimize or reduce the harmful effects of smoking or tobacco consumption on aboriginal health. This report aims to conduct an extensive literature review and summarize their findings on the effectiveness of interventions that can reduce harm related to tobacco consumption among indigenous Australian population. Search protocol Evidence based literature search to analyze the outcomes and effectiveness of several intervention services that have been implemented on indigenous Australian population for cessation of smoking habits and tobacco harm minimization was conducted. The main interest of this literature review lies in recognizing qualitative and quantitative research studies that gave an insight into the health outcomes and experiences of aboriginals. A multilevel iterative technique was designed for the literature search. 3 databases were used: MEDLINE (biomedical literature), CINAHL (allied health and nursing literature) and Cochrane library (randomized controlled trials and systematic review) (Bergamaschi et al. 2016). The abstracts of the retrieved articles were checked for relevance regarding intervention strategies. The search terms were smoking prevalence in aboriginals, indigenous smoking harm reduction, smoking cessation among aboriginals, aboriginal tobacco control. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were drawn. Inclusion criteria Any intervention that illustrated reduction of smoking or use of commercial tobacco was selected. The selected interventions were classified to key priority areas based on the working principles of NATSIHP. Studies were included in the review if they involved nonmedical therapeutic procedures. Peer reviewed journals published in English were used for the systematic review. Study literature not more than 5 years old were included in the review. The user group was indigenous adults who had smoking habits. The review focused on vulnerable, special and disadvantaged population group. Exclusion criteria Non-English journals and those published prior to 2012 were not considered. Interventions that illustrated reduction of ceremonial tobacco use were excluded. Evidence from several data that focused on implementing smoke free policies suggested that exposure to second hand smoke and prevalence of smoking among young and adolescent significantly reduced on application of these policies. A study was conducted in the Cultural and Indigenous Research Centre that proved that stringent legislations related to smoking in public spaces has substantially reduced smoking environment over the past decade (Ell, Abel and Pedic 2013). It was suggested by Thomas, McLellan and Perera (2013) that effective media campaigns, smoking restriction in schools and promoting ill effects of smoking on the health of young people were effective in reducing the sales of tobacco among minors. When the retail outlets in the community adhere to the legislative regulations imposed by the government, the sales of tobacco could be effectively monitored. Another study showed that 3 business organizations out of 21, operating form the remote areas of Queensland northern commu nities practiced smoke free policies. The remaining 18 practiced informal smoking policies and all of these organizations had smoke free zones. However, these legislations often made the smokers feel persecuted. They also created a rift between the smokers and non-smokers and created a feeling of solidarity among them. The workforce should be consulted before implementation of any such smoke free policies to avoid untoward situations. This acted as a successful, intervention strategy (Campbell et al. 2014). An increase in the taxes imposed on tobacco successfully reduced the rate of tobacco purchase and motivated several people to quit smoking (Chaloupka, Yurekli and Fong 2012). Randomized control trials, pre and post studies were undertaken to monitor the effect of tobacco prevention and smoking cessation in indigenous people (Carson et al. 2014). It was found that smoking levels got considerably reduced in 12 out of 15 controlled trials on follow up. However, the results of cessation on the younger population were not evident. The study provided evidence for the combination of behavioral, psychological and biochemical factors to cater to the needs of indigenous population. Interventions that encompassed a greater number of components increased the likelihood of reducing smoking levels. Certain indigenous communities from Australia also proved that increase in the tobacco prices affected smoking rates. 7 months after there was an increase in tobacco price, the consumption rates among a boriginals were found to reduce by as much as 2.2% on an average (Thomas et al. 2012). However, the results were not consistent across all the stores that were analyzed for the study. Mass media campaigns and social marketing strategies have an important role to play in smoking cessation and act as good intervention policies. The campaigns have proved effective in preventing smoking when they were combined with tobacco control measures (Durkin, Brennan and Wakefield 2012). These campaigns help in molding and altering the behavior and attitude of smokers towards tobacco consumption and promote the benefits of abstinence from smoking. They help in preventing smoking relapse among aboriginals by reminding them the reason behind stopping smoking (Wakefield et al. 2012). Television has been proved to the most efficient mode of media strategy that has a wider reach among people belonging to all strata of population and positively influences adult smokers. Moreover, personal testimonials are also essential in positively influencing people to quit smoking (Farrelly et al. 2012). A study that reviewed the effect of smoking among indigenous population by using several randomized control trials failed to show any significant effects of smoking cessation on both aboriginal or non-aboriginal Australian population. Higher rates of smoking cessation were reported among people who were subjected to intervention methods. Cultural approach and knowledge based awareness drives helped to increase quitting rates (Gould et al. 2012). A national survey, Talking About the Smokes, displayed the voice of 3000 indigenous smokers and non-smokers (Thomas 2014). The survey suggested that future activities, which target smoking cessation among aboriginals, should utilize the standards of society acceptance for tobacco consumptions. An intensive program designed for aboriginal population showed significant reduction rates in smoking quit rates by double amount (Marley et al. 2014). A school based disease education program was also conducted that influenced healthy lifestyle choices among indigenous people and encouraged positive role model influences on the students. This study was conducted across 20 schools and utilized video campaigns and social marketing strategies. It proved to have a positive impact on the attitude, knowledge and self efficacy of the aboriginal students and reduced the impact of smoking among them (Malseed et al. 2014). The quit rates increased to a significant amount of 12% on application of intensive counseling therapies. However, disparity between the number of participants adhering to usual care routines (95) and those using the intervention (49) made the study statistically underpowered. 11 different approaches that were based on increasing rates of physical activity among young aboriginals were identified in one study. Out of these approaches, implementation that targeted the community showed significant and relevant positive effect s in smoking cessation on a follow up after 12 months (Baker and Costello 2014). Critical appraisal A critical appraisal was undertaken to determine the effectiveness and evidence quality of each intervention strategy. These CASP tools will help to formulate and design future recommendations and sustainability of the proposed intervention techniques (Munn et al. 2014). CASP tool for systematic review Chamberlain et al. 2017 Roche and Ober 1997 Did the review address a clearly focused question? Yes (investigated evidence for tobacco consumption reduction among indigenous people) Yes (examined the potential of harm minimization to address smoking among aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders) Did the authors look for the right type of papers? Yes (MEDLINE, EMBASE and indigenous health databases were searched) Cant tell (No information on the search strategy or use of any database is available) Were all relevant studies included? Yes (21 studies that focused on effective interventions for smoking reduction among aboriginals were included) Yes (most of the studies that were assessed focused on smoking among aboriginal health workers, tobacco use in Australia, household and national surveys and mortality among indigenous people. However, some articles on heart diseases, territory health outcome, psychoactive harm reduction and drug addiction were also considered) Did the author do enough to access the quality of included studies? Yes (the studies not only included indigenous participants from Australia but also focused on other vulnerable and disadvantaged population) Yes (they analyzed several surveys to identify the essential elements related to tobacco reduction and devised approaches for harm minimization) If the results have been combined, was it reasonable to do so? Yes, the results were combined since, thorough analysis of data from all the included studies provided access to a variety of evidence based smoking cessation practices and suggested the role of mass media campaigns in harm minimization. Yes, most of the studies focused on decreasing mortality and morbidity, increasing cessation, reducing healthcare expenditure and second hand exposure to smoke. What are the overall results? 4studies reported that a surge in tobacco taxes and price reduces their affordability and prompts quitting of smoking. 3 studies identified the effectiveness of implementation of legislative interventions and pack warnings in reducing tobacco sales among minors. Majority of the studies illustrated that mass media campaigns, social marketing, community based strategies subsequently change the behavior and perception among tobacco consumers and promote tobacco cessation when they are applied in conjunction with other control activities. Pharmacological interventions like use of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies also work as efficient interventions. The studies also suggested the presence of smoke free environment to reduce second hand smoke exposure among people. The study showed that major harm reduction strategies should include increasing accessibility to treatment, decreasing drug intake, safer delivery routes, early detection monitoring, protecting non-smokers by restricting smoking zones and destigmatising use by showing empathy towards aboriginals who failed to quit smoking. How precise are the results? The review was examined for similarities with the principles of NATSIHP. The major priorities were well identified in most of the primary studies. However, some of the secondary studies failed to provide evidence for fine aspects of the probable interventions. The indigenous community practiced fewer harm reduction or cessation approaches than the wider communities. The study evaluated the National Drug Strategy Survey, which showed that 32 aboriginals had reduced smoking in 1994, compared to 41 people belonging to the general population in 1993. Can the results be applied to local population? Yes Yes Were all important outcomes considered? Yes (Effect of elimination of smoking promotion or advertising were not identified in any indigenous population specific study) No (effect of media campaigns, taxation rates and smoking legislations were not measured) Are the benefits worth the harm and costs? Yes (There were no harms associated) Yes (harm reduction concept needs to be destigmatised among aboriginals) CASP tool for randomized control trial Malseed et al. 2014 Marley et al. 2014 Carson et al 2014 Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? Yes (investigated the effectiveness of health programs in schools for aboriginals to combat chronic health conditions) Yes (tested efficacy of multidimensional smoking cessation program on aboriginals) Yes (evaluated the effectiveness and safety of VT and quitline on smokers) Was the assignment of patients to treatment randomized? No Yes Yes Were all patients accounted for at conclusion? Yes Yes (study endpoints were considered at 6 and 12 months after enrolment) Yes (12 weeks of treatment was followed for all participants) Were patients, health workers and study personnel blind to treatment? No The staff were blinded to the study Yes Were the groups similar at start of trial? Yes (11-18 years of students were selected) Yes (aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders, aged more than16 years were selected) Yes (all patients were adults with smoking related diseases) Were the groups treated equally? Yes (Deadly choice program was applied to all) Yes (all participants received routine care related to smoking cessation Yes (subjects received varenicline tartrate and quitline counseling together) How large was the treatment effect? Significant changes observed in intervention group regarding knowledge on smoking Smoking cessation rate was double for intervention group VT was tolerated among subjects with acute smoking illness; self reported adverse event was nausea How precise was the estimate of treatment effect? (P= 0.006) (P= 0.131) (16.3% nausea in the VT+C group and 1.5% in the counseling group) Can the results be applied in this context? Yes Yes Yes Were all clinically important outcomes considered? Yes (physical activity, leadership education and health checkup increases self efficacy among minors and can promote smoke quitting). Yes (Self reported smoking cessation rates were measured at final follow up) Yes (effect of VT+quitline counseling and of quitline counseling alone were measured) Recommendation Tobacco use has a substantially greater prevalence among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders when compared to the general Australian population. 42% of the indigenous population is daily smokers and the smoking rates among them are considerably high (Upton et al. 2014). However, national surveys suggest that a progressive decline in daily smoking limits have been observed since the last decade. Several socio-economic factors, psychological stress, homelessness and exposure to criminal system act as major contributors to high smoking prevalence among aboriginals. Several randomized control trials and systemic reviews provide evidence for the effectiveness of intervention methods on smoking cessation activities. From the above discussed literature review it can be concluded that smoking cessation interventions include motivational counseling, peer support programs, pharmacotherapy, increased educational awareness in ill effects of tobacco consumption, social and mass media campaigns , tobacco litigation and proper enactment of the legislations at all places, creating smoke free environments and increasing tax rates on tobacco products. These intervention programs must be funded because they will help to curb down healthcare costs significantly (they reduced costs associated with hospitalizations by $ 134 billion in California), will increase productivity at workplace and lead to less occurrence of disabilities (Lightwood and Glantz 2013). Moreover, if these interventions are funded then they will reduce medical expenditures and incidence of smoking related chronic diseases. Previously conducted cessation programs have proved beneficial in reducing the number of adult smokers and have shown a drastic fall in cigarette sales (Rabius et al. 2014). Therefore, it can be concluded that if the government agencies and health based organizations increase their funding on research and development of smoking cessation programs, the aboriginals would be highly affected and a healthy community will prevail. References Abs.gov.au (2017).4714.0 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2014-15. [online] Abs.gov.au. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4714.02014-15?OpenDocument [Accessed 23 Sep. 2017]. Baker, P. and Costello, J., 2014. Evidence Synthesis on Effective Physical Activity and Nutritional Health Promotion Programs. Bergamaschi, S., Ferro, N., Guerra, F. and Silvello, G., 2016. Keyword-based search over databases: a roadmap for a reference architecture paired with an evaluation framework. 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